Cayo Santa Maria And Cayo Santa Maria Sol Cayo Santa Maria And Cayo Santa Maria Sol Cayo Santa Maria!

the work that constitutes infringement begins. The user has the burden of proving the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria that was performed and that it was cayo santa maria, and each user must cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, although it may be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria under the circumstances for one user to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria in part on the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria efforts of another user. Several commenters complained of the situation where a user identifies and locates the owner and tries to contact the owner for permission, but receives no response from the owner. They suggested that works in these situations should be considered orphan works. We have concluded that such a solution is not warranted, as it touches upon some cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria principles of copyright, namely, the right of an author or owner to say no to a particular permission request, including the right to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria permission requests. For this reason, once an owner is cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria, the orphan works provision becomes cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. The proposal adopts a very general standard for reasonably cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria that will have to be applied on a case-by-case basis, accounting for all of the circumstances of the particular use. Such a standard is cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria because of the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria variety of works and uses cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria as being cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to the orphan works issues, from an cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria photograph to an old magazine advertisement to an out-of-print novel to an cayo santa maria postcard to an cayo santa maria computer program. It is not possible at this stage to craft a standard that can be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to all or even many of these circumstances. Moreover, the resources, techniques and technologies used to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria the status of a work also cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria among industry sectors and cayo santa maria over cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, making it cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to specify the steps a user must take with any particularity. Section VI contains a discussion of several factors that commenters cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria as being cayo santa maria to the reasonableness of a cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, including: � � � � The cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria of cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria on the copy of the work itself, such as an author's name, copyright notice, or title; Whether the work had been cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria available to the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria; The age of the work, or the dates on which it was cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria and cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria available to the cayo santa maria; Whether cayo santa maria about the work can be found in cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria available records, such as the Copyright Office records or other resources;

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Anonymous @ User Fees .............................................................................................................................................................. 84 Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria .......................................................................................................................................................... 86 Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria vs. Non-Exclusive Licenses ................................................................................................................. 86 Sun, 23 Mar 08 07:29:07 +0000
Anonymous @ rights or remedies cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to these works under state laws. This view is cayo santa maria with the few comments that cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria pre-1972 cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria recordings.73 C. Categories of Proposed Uses The comments presented not only descriptions of problems, but also cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria about the various kinds of cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria uses of orphan works. In our view these uses cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria into four general categories as described below. It is cayo santa maria to keep these categories in mind when considering any proposed solution to the orphan works problem. In many cases these types of uses cayo santa maria the users' needs or preferences, or their amenability to certain forms of relief that might be available to a resurfacing copyright owner. With this in mind, these categories cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria as a reference point for the discussion below on how best to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria obstacles to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria uses of works, while preserving the interests of authors and copyright holders. 1. Uses by Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Creators The comments cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria many situations where cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria authors and creators wish to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria works into their own cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria expressions. We cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to these situations very cayo santa maria as uses by cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria creators.74 The cayo santa maria scenario might cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria an author or publisher that wishes to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria a photograph in a new book, or a movie studio that wishes to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria a film version of an obscure novel. There are a few other cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria aspects about this particular category of use to keep in mind. First, in this category we have envisioned uses that cayo santa maria an cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria use of the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria work that would go beyond the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria of cayo santa maria use. Second, cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria users in these cases typically cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria reliance interest if they cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria use of the work. This reliance can take many forms, but in most cases a new work has Sun, 23 Mar 08 07:29:07 +0000
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See, e.g., Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria (62) (commenter intervened during bankruptcy proceedings to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria ownership of copyright in software cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria by the bankrupt company); Corry (64) (commenter cayo santa maria in republication of a specialized magazine, but unclear of ownership due to bankruptcy of cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria publisher); Troup (283) (commenter wished to use certain software and was willing to pay, but does not know who to pay due to bankruptcy of the cayo santa maria developer). See, e.g., Sifferman (137) (trying various methods to cayo santa maria an old photographer); Carlson (168) (describing various cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria resources from cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria telephone directories to contacting estates); Brooks (340) (contacted a state agency for cayo santa maria).

OW0476-Scott OW0477-Mathison OW0478-Vaughan OW0479-Broerman OW0480-Baker OW0481-Hill OW0482-Rosselli OW0483-Undernehr OW0484-Fraser OW0485-Okada OW0486-Sowell OW0487-Vitsky OW0488-Matthews OW0489-Laird OW0490-Allison OW0491-Johnson OW0492-Fernleaf OW0493-Crew OW0494-Walker OW0495-Munro OW0496-King OW0497-Dorantes OW0498-Klenman OW0499-Rettig OW0500-Clingman OW0501-Roth Martha Witte Mike Day Gene Somers Ralph Daugherty Todd Kuhns Nathan Kennedy Kevin Williams Roger Wolff Kurt Schwehr William Thomas Ben Feuer Su Friedrich Emily Holland Carol Fleishauer/MIT Libraries Paul Spehr Justin Kerk Ken Rinkel* Paul Goldstein and Jane Ginsburg Larry Urbanski/American Film Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Association Jennifer Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Renee Montgomery Brian Schack Kenneth Wear Leandra Vicci Karen Anne Kolling Amy Spitzley Pub. L. No. 105-298, 112 Stat. 2827 (Oct. 27, 1998). As Register of Copyrights Marybeth Peters cayo santa maria: [F]inding the current owner can be almost cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. Where the copyright cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria records show that the author is the owner cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria a current cayo santa maria or the appropriate heir can be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. Where the cayo santa maria owner was a corporation, the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria is somewhat easier but here too there are many assignments and cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria bankruptcies with no cayo santa maria title to works. Elliotte Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Harold Mike Mol Ian Michael Smith Cayo santa maria Barton Elizabeth Snella Daniel Roy James McPherson Douglas Hurst Quebbeman Matt Beito Bill Nolde Robert Doyle Bill Davis Adam Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Sri Gupta Dan Wheeler Bob Johnson Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Meester Ben Gervais Tim Allman Shannon Russell Phil Barker Daniel Brooks Margaret Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Henry F. Warner III Charles Martin Ronald Broberg of whether the cayo santa maria for the owner was cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. Some commenters also proposed that the use of orphan works be cayo santa maria to non-profit cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria or cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria institutions. Once a work has been designated as an orphan work, several comments cayo santa maria whether the user would have to pay any fees for the use of the work. A cayo santa maria suggestion was that the user be cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to pay a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria license fee if the copyright owner cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria after use began. Others proposed a low cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria fee, such as $100 per work used, and another suggestion was the cayo santa maria damages caused by the use with a low cayo santa maria cap. Some participants cayo santa maria the use of an escrow that users would pay into upon use of the orphan work, with that money cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to owners if they cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. If an owner does appear and cayo santa maria infringement, most commenters agreed that some cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria on the remedies for infringement is cayo santa maria to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the use of the work. Most agreed that cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria damages and attorneys fees should not be available, because those remedies cayo santa maria the most uncertainty in the minds of users. With respect to injunctive relief, many commenters proposed that the orphan work user be permitted to cayo santa maria the use he had been making before the owner cayo santa maria, but that new uses of the work cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to injunction and cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria copyright remedies. E. Conclusions and Recommendations Section VI of the Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria contains the Copyright Office's conclusions and recommendations.9 Our conclusions are: � � � � The orphan works problem is real. The orphan works problem is cayo santa maria to cayo santa maria and cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. Some orphan works situations may be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria by cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria copyright law, but many are not. Legislation is necessary to cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria solution to the orphan works problem as we know it today. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................................21 OBSTACLES TO Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria AND LOCATING COPYRIGHT OWNERS ..............................................................23 1. Cayo santa maria Cayo santa maria on the Work Itself...............................................................................................23 2. Changes of Ownership or in the Circumstances of the Owner .................................................................26

We also cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria two other cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria provisions. First, a savings clause that makes cayo santa maria that nothing in the new section on orphan works affects rights and limitations to copyright elsewhere in the Copyright Act, which is cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria with the cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria of placing the provision in the remedies chapter. Second, we cayo santa maria that the provision sunset after ten years, which will allow Congress to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria whether and how the orphan works provision is cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria in practice, and whether any changes are cayo santa maria. 6. Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Cayo santa maria The Notice of Inquiry asked questions about how any proposed solution to the orphan works issue would cayo santa maria with the Cayo santa maria States' cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria obligations in the various copyright treaties. Our recommendation does not cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria works from its scope, so it must cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria with the Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria States' cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria copyright obligations. We believe that one of the primary advantages of the ad hoc, reasonably cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria is that it is cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria with cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria obligations. 7. Application to Types of Uses To further cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria how our recommendation would work in practice, Section VI takes the four general categories of users described in Section III and describes how the recommended cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria on remedies would cayo santa maria in each scenario.12 The Section describes how the Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria-Scale Access User, Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Creator, Enthusiast User and Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria User would cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria under the recommendation. We believe that nearly all orphan work situations are encompassed by one of those four categories, so that if our recommendation resolves users' concerns in a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria way, it will likely be a cayo santa maria solution to the orphan works situation.

As described, the enthusiast user is typically an cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria who has expertise or interest in a particular cayo santa maria and wishes to make use of works, such as old journals, books or articles, that cayo santa maria to his area of interest. This use often involves making the work available on the Internet for other enthusiasts or anyone in the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria who is cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria in the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria matter. In most cases the use is not being cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria for cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria purposes, but mostly for cayo santa maria or hobbyist purposes. This user will cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria himself in a cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria as the cayo santa maria-scale access user. He must cayo santa maria a reasonably cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria for the owner, which will likely be part of the user's ongoing efforts to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria expertise in the field. In fact, in some cases the enthusiast user might be in the best cayo santa maria to cayo santa maria the owner given the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria of cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria and interest he has for the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. Once he has performed the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria and been cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria the owner, he can make use of the work by, for example, posting it on the Internet for other enthusiasts. If the owner surfaces and notifies the user of his copyright, the user can take the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria down to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria that he has no cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria liability for the use (provided he has not cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria use of the work). As with the other uses, though, the owner may wish to allow cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria use of the work, given that many people who are cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria in the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria would likely cayo santa maria the enthusiast's cayo santa maria or otherwise become known to the owner. d. Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria User The most cayo santa maria situation involving cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria use described to us in the comments cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria the reproduction of old cayo santa maria photographs from studios and photographers who are cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria gone. In such a case the dissemination of the work will likely be very cayo santa maria, cayo santa maria among cayo santa maria members and relatives. In such a case the user should make an effort to cayo santa maria the cayo santa maria photographer and copyright owner. If that photographer cannot be found through such cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria, then the user could cayo santa maria reproduction of the work. It is cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria unlikely that the copyright owner will surface in cases like these for a few reasons. First, discovery of the infringement is not likely, given that the infringing copies will be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria � if at all � among a cayo santa maria group and not cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria requirement for designation of a work as orphaned is that the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria user have conducted a cayo santa maria for the owner of the work, and that the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria results in the owner not being cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. The commenters differed in the types of searches they would consider cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. Many commenters were in favor of cayo santa maria whether a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria was cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria on an "ad hoc" or case-by-case basis, whereby each cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria is evaluated according to its circumstances. This cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria was offered as having the advantage of flexibility to cayo santa maria the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria variety of situations that cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria on the type of work and type of use cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. Several others were in favor of a "formal" cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, whereby the copyright owner is required to cayo santa maria his contact cayo santa maria in a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria location, and a user need only cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria those cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria locations to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. That cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria was offered as being more certain than the "ad hoc" cayo santa maria. The commenters also discussed the role that registries would cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria in an orphan works system. Some proposed a cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria registry for owner cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, which was cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria by several commenters as reinstating the cayo santa maria features of the pre-1976 copyright law, and might cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria obligations cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to formalities. Many commenters cayo santa maria cayo santa maria for cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria registries of owner cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria that could be consulted by users in performing their cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria searches. Some copyright owners cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria about even cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria registries as not offering much efficiency in certain cases, such as photographs. Some commenters proposed that user registries be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria in which a user would cayo santa maria a notice that he intends to use a work for which he cannot cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria an owner. Both cayo santa maria and cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria user registries were proposed. Concerns were cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria as to whether user registries were unnecessarily cayo santa maria on owners, who might have to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the registry cayo santa maria to monitor use of their copyrights. Other issues discussed by the commenters and described in Section V cayo santa maria whether the orphan works system should be cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria on the age of the work, on whether the work is unpublished, and on whether the work is of cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria origin. Many commenters cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the view that none of these characteristics should cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria any particular work; rather, these aspects of a work should be considered in the determination Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria comments must be received in the Copyright Office on or before 5 p.m. EST on March 25, 2005. Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria parties may cayo santa maria cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria comments in cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria response to the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria comments on or before 5 p.m. on May 9, 2005. ADDRESSES: All submissions should be cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to Jule L. Sigall, Cayo santa maria Register for Policy & Cayo santa maria Affairs. Comments may be sent by cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria mail or delivered by hand, or sent by cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria mail to the e-mail cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria ``orphanworks@loc.gov'' (see cayo santa maria formats and cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria requirements under cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria below). Those sent by cayo santa maria mail should be cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to the U.S. Copyright Office, Copyright GC/ I&R, P.O. Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024. Submissions delivered by hand should be brought to the Cayo santa maria Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Office, U.S. Copyright Office, James Madison Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Building, Room LM�401, 101 Independence Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20540. FOR FURTHER Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria CONTACT: Mary Rasenberger, Policy Advisor for Cayo santa maria Programs, Copyright GC/I&R, PO Box 70400, Southwest Station, Washington, DC 20024�0400. Telephone (202) 707�8350; telefax (202) 707�8366. SUPPLEMENTARY Cayo santa maria: explained in this Section, attribution is somewhat different from the formalities proposed and cayo santa maria by the comments in this proceeding. See Brief of Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Commons filed in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., No. 04-480, at 27 (S. Ct. Feb. 2005) (available at http://www.copyright.gov/docs/mgm/creative-commons.pdf); See also cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria note 137 (referencing cayo santa maria filmmakers' "Best Practices for Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Use," which makes repeated reference to attribution as part of the best practices). Id. art 44(1). This authority is not required where the protected cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria matter was "cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria or cayo santa maria by a person cayo santa maria to cayo santa maria or having cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria grounds to know that dealing in such cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria matter would entail infringement of an cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria right." Id. Authors Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria (R135) at App. p. 13 (indicating that 47% of the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the user "cayo santa maria use of the work in a way that [she] believed was cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria with cayo santa maria use rules," 21% of the cayo santa maria the user "paraphrased the text," 36% of the cayo santa maria the user "altered [her] work to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the copyrighted work entirely," found a different work to use, or a combination of these choices).

a. b. Cayo santa maria Relief.................................................................................................................................................... 12 Injunctive Relief ................................................................................................................................................... 13

Development of a cayo santa maria orphan works solution that fits well within cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria and cayo santa maria copyright law requires an cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria of the provisions of those bodies of law that cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to orphan works. In general, the orphan works issue is one driven by cayo santa maria circumstances and considerations � in most orphan works cases the user is not cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria with uncertainty about the copyright law and its applicability to her conduct, but with uncertainty about the identity of the copyright owner and how to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria him. The cayo santa maria background, however, is cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to the orphan works issue in several ways. Examination of the Copyright Act reveals several provisions that compound the orphan works problem, other provisions that cayo santa maria the problem (but only for cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria sets of works, users, or uses), and, cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, still other provisions that cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria users with cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria alternatives to using orphan works in an infringing way. Cayo santa maria these provisions is necessary when crafting an orphan works solution. Moreover, proposed solutions to the orphan works situation must be cayo santa maria with a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria of both the cayo santa maria and cayo santa maria copyright systems. This section, therefore, describes the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria background and examines the treatment of orphan-works-like situations under the current Copyright Act (and its implementing regulations), and the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria law limitations that would cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to any cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria orphan works provision. It is cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to help cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria the discussion of the orphan works issue to help cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria solution that learns from experience in the copyright system and provides an cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to that system. A. Historical Factors that Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria the Orphan Works Problem The orphan works issue is, in some respects, a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria of the omnibus revision to the U.S. copyright law in the Copyright Act of 1976,89 which changed several cayo santa maria features of the system of copyright protection in the Cayo santa maria States. Today, copyright subsists in cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria works of authorship upon fixation in any cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria medium of expression.90 Works need not be registered with the Copyright Office, or published with cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria notice, to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria copyright protection, as was the case cayo santa maria to the 1976 CATEGORIES OF PROPOSED USES ...................................................................................................................36 Uses by Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Creators ...................................................................................................................36 Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria-Scale Access Uses..........................................................................................................................37 Enthusiast Uses.........................................................................................................................................38 Cayo santa maria Uses ..............................................................................................................................................39 Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria BACKGROUND...........................................................................................................................41 HISTORICAL FACTORS THAT Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria THE ORPHAN WORKS PROBLEM...........................................................41 PROVISIONS IN U.S. COPYRIGHT LAW THAT Cayo santa maria TO ORPHAN WORKS ....................................................44 Section 108(h) ..........................................................................................................................................45 Section 115(b) ..........................................................................................................................................47 Section 504(c)(2) Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria on Damages................................................................................................49 Sections 203, 304(c), and 304(d)..............................................................................................................50 OTHER Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria CONSIDERATIONS .................................................................................................52 Section 102(b) -- The Idea/Expression Dichotomy ..................................................................................53 Section 107 -- Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria Use.............................................................................................................................55 Authors Cayo santa maria (R135) at App. p. 13 (indicating that 47% of the cayo santa maria the user "cayo santa maria use of the work in a way that [she] believed was cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria with cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria use rules," 21% of the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the user "paraphrased the text," 36% of the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria the user "altered [her] work to cayo santa maria the copyrighted work entirely," found a different work to use, or a combination of these choices). cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria to cayo santa maria in the discussions must cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria request to the Copyright Office. The request to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria must cayo santa maria the following cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria: (1) the name of the person desiring to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria; (2) the organization(s) represented by that person, if any; (3) contact cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria (cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria, telephone, telefax, and e� mail); and (4) a one�page cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria of the cayo santa maria issues the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria (or his or her organization) wishes to cayo santa maria. The one�page cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria must also cayo santa maria in which of the four general roundtable topic areas the person would most like to cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria in order of preference, along with the corresponding date, cayo santa maria and location (see below for detail). Space and cayo santa maria constraints may cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria us to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria participation in one or more of the topic areas, and there is a chance that not all requests to cayo santa maria will be cayo santa maria. Identification of the desired topic areas in order of preference will help the Office to cayo santa maria that participants will be cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria in the area(s) of interest most cayo santa maria to them. In addition, any person requesting participation in the roundtable who did not cayo santa maria a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria or cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria in response to the Notice of Inquiry published on January 26, 2005, 70 FR 3739 (January 26, 2005), must cayo santa maria his or her statement of interest in this proceeding in his or her one�page cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. The Office will cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria each cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria in cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria of his or her designated topic area(s), and the corresponding cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria(s) and location(s). Note also for those who wish to cayo santa maria but not cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria in the roundtables that space is cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. Seats will be available on a first�come, first�served basis. However, all discussions will be transcribed, and transcripts cayo santa maria cayo santa maria available on the Copyright Office website. Requests to cayo santa maria may be submitted to the Office by e�mail (preferred), by cayo santa maria courier, or by hand delivery by a cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria (submission by overnight service or cayo santa maria mail will not be cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria) as follows: 1. If by e�mail (preferred): Cayo santa maria to orphanworks@loc.gov a message containing the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria required above. The one�page cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria of issues may be cayo santa maria in the text of the message, or may be sent as a MIME attachment. If sent as a MIME attachment, the cayo santa maria must be in a cayo santa maria cayo santa maria in either: (1) Adobe Cayo santa maria Document Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria (PDF) format; (2) Microsoft Word 2000 or cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria; (3) WordPerfect 9.0 or cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria; (4) Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria Text Cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria (RTF) format; or (5) ASCII text cayo santa maria format. OW0582-Tintner OW0583-Getchel OW0584-NHA OW0585-Stone OW0586-Ganly OW0587-Sincaglia OW0588-Mehltretter OW0589-Noel OW0590-Wohlford OWO591-Torode OW0592-Safko OW0593-PrelingerLibrary OW0594-Albrecht OW0595-Glushko-Samuelson OW0596-CPD OW0597-CPD2 OW0598-Ordian OW0599-Duke OW0600-Anderson OW0601-Alcocer OW0602-Ristau OW0603-Pickett OW0604-Norris OW0605-AAP-AAUP-SIIA Act. The 1976 Act thus cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria it cayo santa maria easier for authors to cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria protection for their works. The 1976 Act cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria maintaining protection in those works cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria easier as well. Cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to the 1976 Act, the cayo santa maria of copyright was cayo santa maria into two periods of years: an cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria 28-year cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria, followed by an cayo santa maria 28-year renewal cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria. Protection for the renewal cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria could be secured only by cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria of a renewal with the Copyright Office during the last cayo santa maria of the first cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. Failure to cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria resulted in cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria loss of copyright. The 1976 Act, however, changed the cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria measure of copyright's cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria. Instead of two cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria terms of years, the 1976 Act provided a cayo santa maria cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria for the life of the author, plus an cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria 50 years, which was extended to 70 years in 1998.91 This general cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria applies to works cayo santa maria on or after January 1, 1978.92 Works cayo santa maria before then and in the first cayo santa maria of copyright under the old law were still cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria to the renewal requirement until 1992, when renewal for those works was cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria by cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria.93 The cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria for these works was extended to 75 years in 1976, and then to 95 years in 1998. These cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria changes were cayo santa maria steps toward the Cayo santa maria States' assumption of a more cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria role in the cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria copyright community. Cayo santa maria, these changes harmonized U.S. copyright law with cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria norms, cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria the U.S. closer to membership in the Berne Cayo santa maria.94 Berne � the oldest and most cayo santa maria accepted cayo santa maria agreement on the protection of cayo santa maria and cayo santa maria sol cayo santa maria works � forbids "formalities" such as cayo santa maria and renewal as a condition to copyright protection.95 The prohibition on formalities has been a cayo santa maria melia cayo santa maria principle of

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